The durable differential deterrent effects of strict photo identification laws

Abstract An increasing number of states have adopted laws that require voters to show photo identification vote. We the differential effect on turnout among those who lack ID persists even after are repealed. leverage administrative data from North Carolina and a law in for primary, but not subsequent general, election. Using exact matching difference-in-differences design, we 3 percent Carolina, caused 0.7 percentage point decrease 2016 primary election relative with ID. After was suspended, this persisted: without were 2.6 points less likely general 1.7 2018 general.